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View of Prague’s historic Charles Bridge over the Vltava River, with its Gothic towers and colorful Old Town skyline at sunset — an iconic panorama of the Czech capital blending architecture, history, and atmosphere.

View of Prague’s historic Charles Bridge over the Vltava River, with its Gothic towers and colorful Old Town skyline at sunset — an iconic panorama of the Czech capital blending architecture, history, and atmosphere.

Czech Republic: First Class Action Concluded

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 202 min read

Detail of the Spanish Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) facade in Madrid with architectural sculpture and court inscription.

Detail of the Spanish Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo) facade in Madrid with architectural sculpture and court inscription.

Spanish Supreme Court Encourages Mediation in Trucks Cartel Appeals: A Turning Point in Mass Competition Litigation?

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 171 min read

Vicki Shotbolt Class Representative Limited v Valve Corporation

Maria José Azar-Baud

Jan 301 min read

Dutch flag in red, white and blue waving in close-up, set against a softly blurred urban backdrop in daylight.

Dutch flag in red, white and blue waving in close-up, set against a softly blurred urban backdrop in daylight.

Vijf jaar WAMCA. Evaluatie Wet afwikkeling massaschade in collectieve actie (Five years of WAMCA. Evaluation of the Act on Redress of Mass Damages in Collective Action (2020-2025))

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Dec 17, 20251 min read

Slovenian flag with white, blue and red stripes and coat of arms, captured in close-up against a softly blurred urban setting.

Slovenian flag with white, blue and red stripes and coat of arms, captured in close-up against a softly blurred urban setting.

Slovenian RAD developments: Constitutional Review of Qualified Entity Standing and New Collective Redress Action

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Dec 16, 20252 min read

Luxembourg flag with red, white and light blue stripes, photographed in close-up with a blurred city background.

Luxembourg flag with red, white and light blue stripes, photographed in close-up with a blurred city background.

Luxembourg RAD Transposition

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Dec 3, 20251 min read

Belgian flag in black, yellow and red captured in close-up, waving against a softly blurred urban backdrop.

Belgian flag in black, yellow and red captured in close-up, waving against a softly blurred urban backdrop.

The Revised Class Action Regime in Belgium: Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger ?

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Jan 22, 20251 min read

Spanish flag with red and yellow stripes and coat of arms, shown in close-up with a soft-focus city background.

Spanish flag with red and yellow stripes and coat of arms, shown in close-up with a soft-focus city background.

The Spanish Path to a new collective actions’ regime: The Draft Law, proposed amendments and the late suppression of collective actions’ legal framework from the Draft Law

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Leire Gutierrez Molina

Dec 20, 20245 min read

Austrian flag in red and white stripes, photographed in close-up against a softly blurred urban landscape.

Austrian flag in red and white stripes, photographed in close-up against a softly blurred urban landscape.

Mise à jour du RAD en Autriche

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Jul 19, 20241 min read

Irish flag in green, white and orange, photographed in close-up with natural lighting and a blurred urban background.

Irish flag in green, white and orange, photographed in close-up with natural lighting and a blurred urban background.

Commencement Order and Regulations for full RAD transposition | Representative Actions for the Protection of the Collective Interests of Consumers Act 2023 (Act 22 of 2023)

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

May 29, 20241 min read

Austrian and Czech Republic flags waving side by side in close-up, set against a softly blurred urban background in natural daylight.

Austrian and Czech Republic flags waving side by side in close-up, set against a softly blurred urban background in natural daylight.

Austria and Czech Republic RAD updates

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

May 3, 20241 min read

Latvian flag with deep red and white horizontal stripes, captured in close-up with a softly blurred city background.

Latvian flag with deep red and white horizontal stripes, captured in close-up with a softly blurred city background.

Latvian implementation of the Representative Actions Directive

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 22, 20241 min read

Slovenian flag with white, blue and red stripes and coat of arms, captured in close-up against a softly blurred urban setting.

Slovenian flag with white, blue and red stripes and coat of arms, captured in close-up against a softly blurred urban setting.

Slovenian implementation of the Representative Actions Directive

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 22, 20241 min read

Croatian flag with red, white and blue stripes and central coat of arms, captured in close-up with a blurred urban background.

Croatian flag with red, white and blue stripes and central coat of arms, captured in close-up with a blurred urban background.

Croatian implementation of the Representative Actions Directive

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 22, 20241 min read

Dutch flag in red, white and blue waving in close-up, set against a softly blurred urban backdrop in daylight.

Dutch flag in red, white and blue waving in close-up, set against a softly blurred urban backdrop in daylight.

Dutch implementation of the Representative Actions Directive

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 22, 20241 min read

Slovak flag featuring white, blue and red stripes with national emblem, shown in close-up against a soft city background.e

Slovak flag featuring white, blue and red stripes with national emblem, shown in close-up against a soft city background.e

Slovakian implementation of the Representative Actions Directive

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 22, 20241 min read

Finnish flag with blue Nordic cross on white background, photographed in close-up with a soft-focus city backdrop.

Finnish flag with blue Nordic cross on white background, photographed in close-up with a soft-focus city backdrop.

Finland: implementation of the Representative Actions Directive

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 22, 20241 min read

Cyprus flag with white background, golden island silhouette and olive branches, shown in close-up with a blurred city background.

Cyprus flag with white background, golden island silhouette and olive branches, shown in close-up with a blurred city background.

Cyprus: implementation of the Representative Actions Directive

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 22, 20241 min read

Close-up of the Italian flag waving against a softly blurred urban background, highlighting its green, white and red colors in natural daylight.

Close-up of the Italian flag waving against a softly blurred urban background, highlighting its green, white and red colors in natural daylight.

New “Representative Actions” in Italy for the Protection of Collective Consumer Interests: Legislative Decree March 10, 2023, No. 28, implementing Directive 2020/1828 (EU).

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 19, 20241 min read

Romanian flag in blue, yellow and red, photographed in close-up with natural light and a soft-focus city backdrop.

Romanian flag in blue, yellow and red, photographed in close-up with natural light and a soft-focus city backdrop.

Romanian implementation of the Representative Actions Directive

REPRESENTATIVE ACTIONS DIRECTIVE

Maria José Azar-Baud

Feb 19, 20241 min read

Certain photographs have been kindly provided by Jan-Erik Rottinghuis ©

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