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Five years after its introduction, the Dutch class action regime (WAMCA) has undergone its first statutory evaluation. The report identifies key challenges, including lengthy preliminary proceedings, unclear admissibility requirements, and limited procedural flexibility, and proposes reforms to improve efficiency, clarity, and court management of collective actions.

The Slovenian Constitutional Court is reviewing the standing and representativity criteria for qualified entities under the Representative Actions Directive (EU) 2020/1828. At the same time, a major collective damages action has been filed by ZPS against GEN-I concerning alleged unlawful unilateral electricity price increases affecting household consumers.

On 30 October 2025, Luxembourg adopted Bill No. 7650, introducing representative actions in consumer law through a new Book V of the Code de la consommation. The Act implements Directive (EU) 2020/1828 (RAD), establishing a centralised, court-supervised collective redress mechanism for qualified entities.

Belgium has had a collective redress regime for consumers since 2014. The Act of 21 April 2024 implements Directive (EU) 2020/1828 and introduces targeted yet significant reforms, including an expanded scope, revised standing rules, post-judgment opt-in as the default, and streamlined procedural mechanisms. This article analyses the 2024 revisions to the Belgian class action framework.

Spain has yet to transpose Directive (EU) 2020/1828. After the approval of a Draft Law in March 2024 introducing a comprehensive collective actions regime, the Spanish Congress removed the entire collective actions block in November 2024, leaving Spain without a transposition framework. This article analyses the erased proposal, its key features, and the amendments debated.

Austria has now notified the European Commission of its transposition of Directive (EU) 2020/1828. The notified measure is the “VRUN”, published in the Austrian Federal Law Gazette on 17 July, marking a further step in the implementation of the Representative Actions Directive.

On 30 April 2024, Ireland completed the implementation of Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through the Representative Actions for the Protection of the Collective Interests of Consumers Act 2023 (Commencement) Order 2024. Although the Act had been enacted in 2023, its full operation depended on the adoption of the commencement order and accompanying regulations.

Austria and the Czech Republic have taken further steps towards the implementation of Directive (EU) 2020/1828. Austria presented its draft VRUN introducing a Qualified Entities Act (QEG) with an opt-in model and express third-party funding. Meanwhile, the Czech Chamber of Deputies approved a class actions bill establishing a 20-consumer threshold and regulated funding, now pending before the Senate.

Slovakia implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through Act No. 261/2023 Coll. on Actions for the Protection of Collective Interests of Consumers, adopted on 21 June 2023. The Act establishes a dedicated procedural framework for representative actions aimed at safeguarding consumers’ collective interests in line with the Representative Actions Directive.

Finland implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through the Act on Representative Actions for Injunctive Measures (1101/2022), amendments to the Class Action Act (1103/2022), and a specific Act regulating the designation of qualified entities (1102/2022). The framework clarifies both procedural mechanisms and the recognition of organizations entitled to bring representative actions.

Cyprus implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through the Law on the Issuance of Court Orders and Registration of Representative Actions for the Protection of Consumers’ Collective Interests of 2023 (Law N 91(I)/2023). The Act establishes the procedural framework for representative actions aimed at safeguarding consumers’ collective interests in line with the Representative Actions Directive.

Croatia implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through the Law on Representative Actions for the Protection of Collective Interests and Consumer Rights (No 59/23). The new framework establishes procedural rules for representative actions aimed at protecting consumers’ collective interests in line with the Representative Actions Directive.

Slovenia implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through the Act Amending the Collective Actions Act (ZKolT-A), entering into force on 26 January 2024. The reform introduces rules on third-party funding, clarifies representativeness requirements, and establishes a flexible system where the choice between opt-in and opt-out depends on the circumstances and the court’s discretion.

Latvia implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through the Law of 14 September 2023 amending the Consumer Rights Protection Law and the Law on Civil Procedure. The reform introduces a representative actions mechanism within the existing consumer protection and procedural framework.

The Netherlands implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through the Act of 2 November 2022 amending Book 3 of the Civil Code and the Code of Civil Procedure. The Consumer Representative Act Implementation Act aligns Dutch collective redress mechanisms with the Representative Actions Directive framework.

Italy implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through Legislative Decree No. 28 of 10 March 2023, introducing a new regime of representative actions for the protection of collective consumer interests. The reform aligns Italian law with the Representative Actions Directive and reshapes the procedural framework for collective redress. The analysis by Fabio De Dominicis examines the key features of the new system.

Greece implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through Law 5019/2023, strengthening the framework for representative actions aimed at protecting consumers’ collective interests. The Act aligns Greek consumer protection law with the Representative Actions Directive and introduces procedural mechanisms for collective redress.

Romania implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through Law No 414/2023 on the conduct of representative actions for the protection of consumers’ collective interests, adopted on 19 December 2023. The Act establishes the procedural framework for representative actions in line with the Representative Actions Directive.

Germany implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through the Act implementing the Representative Actions Directive (VRUG), introducing a new framework for collective consumer redress and amending the Capital Investor Model Case Act. The reform reshapes Germany’s approach to representative actions while interacting with existing collective mechanisms. For further analysis, see D. Markworth’s discussion on whether the new VDuG lacks effectiveness.

Ireland implemented Directive (EU) 2020/1828 through the Representative Actions for the Protection of the Collective Interests of Consumers Act 2023 (Act No. 22 of 2023). The Act establishes the legal framework allowing qualified entities to bring representative actions to safeguard consumers’ collective interests in line with the Representative Actions Directive.